【Python快速上手（二十七）】- Python3 SMTP发送邮件

【Python快速上手（二十七）】- Python3 SMTP发送邮件

码农世界 2024-05-27 前端 71 次浏览 0个评论

目录

  • Python快速上手（二十七）- Python3 SMTP发送邮件
    • Python3 SMTP发送邮件
      • 1. SMTP 基本概念
      • 2. 使用 smtplib 发送简单邮件
        • 2.1 设置 SMTP 服务器
        • 2.2 登录到 SMTP 服务器
        • 2.3 发送邮件
        • 2.4 关闭连接
        • 3. 构建复杂邮件
          • 3.1 构建带有 HTML 内容的邮件
          • 3.2 发送带有 HTML 内容的邮件
          • 4. 添加附件
            • 4.1 构建带有附件的邮件
            • 4.2 发送带有附件的邮件
            • 5. 使用安全连接
              • 5.1 使用 SSL 连接
              • 5.2 使用 STARTTLS
              • 6. 异常处理
                • 6.1 捕获连接错误
                • 7. 实际应用案例
                  • 7.1 发送带有附件和 HTML 内容的邮件

                    Python快速上手（二十七）- Python3 SMTP发送邮件

                    Python3 SMTP发送邮件

                    SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）是发送电子邮件的标准协议。Python 提供了 smtplib 模块来实现 SMTP 客户端，用于发送电子邮件。本文将详细讲解如何使用 Python3 的 smtplib 模块发送电子邮件，包括基本使用方法、构建复杂邮件、附件处理、安全连接、异常处理和实际应用案例。

                    1. SMTP 基本概念

                    在深入讲解之前，了解一些基本概念是必要的：

                    • SMTP 服务器：处理发送邮件请求的服务器。常见的 SMTP 服务器有 Gmail、Yahoo、Outlook 等。
                    • SMTP 客户端：用于与 SMTP 服务器通信的客户端程序。在本文中，Python 程序将充当 SMTP 客户端。
                    • 端口：SMTP 通常使用端口 25，但为了安全起见，TLS/SSL 加密的 SMTP 通常使用端口 587 或 465。

                      2. 使用 smtplib 发送简单邮件

                      首先，从发送一封简单的邮件开始。

                      2.1 设置 SMTP 服务器

                      要发送邮件，首先需要连接到 SMTP 服务器。

                      import smtplib
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"  # 替换为您的 SMTP 服务器地址
port = 587  # 使用适当的端口号
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"  # 发送方邮箱地址
password = "your_password"  # 发送方邮箱密码
# 创建 SMTP 客户端会话对象
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
                      2.2 登录到 SMTP 服务器

                      连接到 SMTP 服务器后，需要进行身份验证。

                      server.starttls()  # 启用安全加密
server.login(sender_email, password)  # 登录 SMTP 服务器
                      2.3 发送邮件

                      登录成功后，可以使用 sendmail 方法发送邮件。

                      receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"  # 接收方邮箱地址
message = """\
Subject: Hi there
This message is sent from Python."""
server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message)
print("Email sent successfully.")
                      2.4 关闭连接

                      邮件发送完成后，需要关闭与 SMTP 服务器的连接。

                      server.quit()

                      完整示例代码如下：

                      import smtplib
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 587
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
server.starttls()
server.login(sender_email, password)
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
message = """\
Subject: Hi there
This message is sent from Python."""
server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message)
print("Email sent successfully.")
server.quit()

                      3. 构建复杂邮件

                      使用 email 模块可以构建带有 HTML 内容、附件等复杂邮件。

                      3.1 构建带有 HTML 内容的邮件

                      首先，使用 email.mime.multipart 和 email.mime.text 构建 HTML 邮件。

                      from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
message = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
message["Subject"] = "HTML Email"
message["From"] = sender_email
message["To"] = receiver_email
# 创建纯文本和 HTML 内容
text = """\
Hi,
This is a plain text version of the email."""
html = """\

  
    
                      Hi,
                      
       This is an HTML version of the email.
                      
  

"""
# 将内容附加到 MIMEMultipart 对象
part1 = MIMEText(text, "plain")
part2 = MIMEText(html, "html")
message.attach(part1)
message.attach(part2)
                      3.2 发送带有 HTML 内容的邮件

                      使用 send_message 方法发送邮件。

                      server.send_message(message)

                      完整示例代码如下：

                      import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 587
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
server.starttls()
server.login(sender_email, password)
message = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
message["Subject"] = "HTML Email"
message["From"] = sender_email
message["To"] = receiver_email
text = """\
Hi,
This is a plain text version of the email."""
html = """\

  
    
                      Hi,
                      
       This is an HTML version of the email.
                      
  

"""
part1 = MIMEText(text, "plain")
part2 = MIMEText(html, "html")
message.attach(part1)
message.attach(part2)
server.send_message(message)
print("HTML email sent successfully.")
server.quit()

                      4. 添加附件

                      添加附件需要使用 email.mime.base 和 email 模块中的编码功能。

                      4.1 构建带有附件的邮件
                      from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders
# 创建一个 MIMEBase 对象
part = MIMEBase("application", "octet-stream")
# 读取附件内容并将其附加到 MIMEBase 对象
filename = "document.pdf"
with open(filename, "rb") as attachment:
    part.set_payload(attachment.read())
# 对附件进行编码并添加到邮件
encoders.encode_base64(part)
part.add_header(
    "Content-Disposition",
    f"attachment; filename= {filename}",
)
message.attach(part)
                      4.2 发送带有附件的邮件
                      server.send_message(message)

                      完整示例代码如下：

                      import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 587
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
server.starttls()
server.login(sender_email, password)
message = MIMEMultipart()
message["Subject"] = "Email with Attachment"
message["From"] = sender_email
message["To"] = receiver_email
text = """\
Hi,
This email contains an attachment."""
message.attach(MIMEText(text, "plain"))
part = MIMEBase("application", "octet-stream")
filename = "document.pdf"
with open(filename, "rb") as attachment:
    part.set_payload(attachment.read())
encoders.encode_base64(part)
part.add_header(
    "Content-Disposition",
    f"attachment; filename= {filename}",
)
message.attach(part)
server.send_message(message)
print("Email with attachment sent successfully.")
server.quit()

                      5. 使用安全连接

                      为保证安全性，可以使用 SSL/TLS 连接到 SMTP 服务器。

                      5.1 使用 SSL 连接
                      import smtplib
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 465
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
server.login(sender_email, password)
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
message = """\
Subject: Hi there
This message is sent from Python."""
server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message)
print("Secure email sent successfully.")
server.quit()
                      5.2 使用 STARTTLS
                      import smtplib
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 587
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
server.starttls()  # 启用安全加密
server.login(sender_email, password)
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
message = """\
Subject: Hi there
This message is sent from Python."""
server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message)
print("Secure email sent successfully.")
server.quit()

                      6. 异常处理

                      在实际应用中，处理可能发生的异常非常重要。常见的异常包括连接错误、身份验证错误等。

                      6.1 捕获连接错误
                      try:
    server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
    server.starttls()
    server.login(sender_email, password)
except smtplib.SMTPConnectError as e:
    print("Connection error:", e)
except smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError as e:
    print("Authentication error:", e)

                      6.2 捕获发送错误

                      try:
    server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message)
except smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused as e:
    print("Recipient refused:", e)
except smtplib.SMTPDataError as e:
    print("Data error:", e)

                      完整示例代码如下：

                      import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders
smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
port = 587
sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
password = "your_password"
receiver_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
try:
    server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
    server.starttls()
    server.login(sender_email, password)
    message = MIMEMultipart()
    message["Subject"] = "Email with Attachment"
    message["From"] = sender_email
    message["To"] = receiver_email
    text = """\
    Hi,
    This email contains an attachment."""
    message.attach(MIMEText(text, "plain"))
    part = MIMEBase("application", "octet-stream")
    filename = "document.pdf"
    with open(filename, "rb") as attachment:
        part.set_payload(attachment.read())
    encoders.encode_base64(part)
    part.add_header(
        "Content-Disposition",
        f"attachment; filename= {filename}",
    )
    message.attach(part)
    server.send_message(message)
    print("Email with attachment sent successfully.")
except smtplib.SMTPConnectError as e:
    print("Connection error:", e)
except smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError as e:
    print("Authentication error:", e)
except smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused as e:
    print("Recipient refused:", e)
except smtplib.SMTPDataError as e:
    print("Data error:", e)
except Exception as e:
    print("An error occurred:", e)
finally:
    server.quit()

                      7. 实际应用案例

                      7.1 发送带有附件和 HTML 内容的邮件

                      以下示例展示了如何发送带有附件和 HTML 内容的邮件。

                      import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders
def send_email_with_attachment(subject, body, to_email, attachment_path):
    smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
    port = 587
    sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
    password = "your_password"
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, port)
        server.starttls()
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        
        message = MIMEMultipart()
        message["Subject"] = subject
        message["From"] = sender_email
        message["To"] = to_email
        
        message.attach(MIMEText(body, "html"))
        
        part = MIMEBase("application", "octet-stream")
        with open(attachment_path, "rb") as attachment:
            part.set_payload(attachment.read())
        encoders.encode_base64(part)
        part.add_header(
            "Content-Disposition",
            f"attachment; filename= {attachment_path.split('/')[-1]}",
        )
        message.attach(part)
        
        server.send_message(message)
        print("Email sent successfully.")
    except Exception as e:
        print("An error occurred:", e)
    finally:
        server.quit()
subject = "Test Email"
body = """\

  
    
                      Hi,
                      
       This is a test email with an attachment.
                      
       Regards,
                      
       Python Script
    
                      
  

"""
to_email = "receiver_email@example.com"
attachment_path = "document.pdf"
send_email_with_attachment(subject, body, to_email, attachment_path)

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